Russia's Cyber Spies: APT Bears and the Battle for Digital Dominance

Russia’s modern wars are fought not only with tanks and missiles, but also with code and compromised networks. Since the early 2000s, the Russian state has deployed a constellation of cyberespionage units under the umbrella of her intelligence services, each tailored to a specific strategic purpose. Amongst the most active and sophisticated of these are four so-called advanced persistent threat (APT) groups: Venomous Bear and Energetic Bear, both associated with the Federal Security Service (FSB